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Mal 1:1-14 HNV
An oracle: the word of YHWH to Yisra'el by
Mal'akhi.
(2) "I have loved you," says YHWH. Yet you say,
"How
have you loved
us?" "Wasn't Esav Ya`akov's brother?" says YHWH "Yet
I loved Ya`akov;
(3) but Esav I hated, and
made his mountains
a desolation,
and gave his heritage to the jackals of the
wilderness."
(4) Whereas
Edom
says, "We are beaten down, but we will return and
build the
waste places;" thus says YHWH of Armies, "They shall
build, but I
will throw down; and men will call them 'The
Wicked
Land
,' even the people against whom
YHWH shows wrath forever."
(5) Your eyes will see, and you
will say, " YHWH is great--even beyond
the border of Yisra'el!"
(6) "A son honors his
father, and a servant his
master. If I am a father, then
where is my honor? And if I am a master, where is the respect due me?
Says YHWH of Armies to you,
Kohanim, who despise my name. You say, 'How have we despised
your name?'
(7) You offer polluted
bread on my altar. You say, 'How
have we
polluted you?' In that you say, “YHWH’s table
contemptible.”
(8) When you offer the
blind for sacrifice, isn't that
evil? And when you offer the
lame and sick, isn't that evil? Present
it
now to your governor! Will he be
pleased with you? Or will he accept your
person?" says YHWH of Armies.
(9) "Now, please
entreat the favor
of God, that he may be gracious to us. With this, will he accept
any of you?" says YHWH of
Armies.
(10) "Oh that there
were one among
you who would shut the doors, that you might not kindle fire on
my altar in vain! I have no
pleasure in you," says YHWH of Armies, "neither
will I accept an offering at your hand.
(11) For from the rising
of the sun even to the going down of the same, my name is great among the nations, and in
every place incense will be offered to my
name, and a pure offering: for my name is great among the nations," says YHWH of
Armies.
(12) "But you profane
it, in that
you say, ‘YHWH's table is
polluted, and its fruit, even its food, is contemptible.'
(13) You say also,
'Behold, what a weariness it is!' and
you have
sniffed at it," says YHWH of Armies; "and you have
brought that
which was taken by violence, the lame, and the sick; thus you bring the offering. Should I
accept this at your hand?" says YHWH.
(14) "But the
deceiver is cursed, who has in his flock a male,
and vows, and
sacrifices to the Lord a blemished thing; for I am a great King," says YHWH of
Armies, "and my name is awesome
among the
nations."
As we begin
Chapter 1 we see that YHWH is upset with Israel, for
though He
loves them and has shown it, they have been showing
contempt for
Him. He begins talking to the Kohanim (vs 6 and
onward), the
religious leaders of the land, the ones that are supposed to be "righteous" and
lead others to righteousness as well. He is upset with them because they have
shown disrespect and dishonor to Him.
As He says in
verse 6, they even despise His Name.
Let’s look
at this chapter more closely. We see in verse 7 the word
"offer". The same Hebrew word is used throughout this
chapter for "offer", "offering(s)",
with little deviation from this form. Where it differs I will
discuss that as well. First let us look at the Hebrew for
"offer" in this verse
from the BDB:
1:7
"Offer" H5066
na^gash
BDB
Definition:
1) to draw
near, approach
1a) (Qal) to
draw or come near
1a1) of humans
1a1a) of
sexual intercourse
1a2) of
inanimate subject
1a2a) to
approach one another
1b) (Niphal)
to draw near
1c) (Hiphil)
to cause to approach, bring near, bring
1d) (Hophal)
to be brought near
1e) (Hithpael)
to draw near
Part of
Speech: verb
A Related Word
by BDB/Strong's Number: a primitive root
Same Word by
TWOT Number: 1297
We see through
this definition that it is talking about the physical act of actually drawing near to the
altar, in order to bring something.
In
verse 7, they were bringing a
"polluted" bread offering.
Then, in verse
8, we see the term used for "sacrifice" is the Hebrew
word "zebach", as
defined by BDB:
1:8
"sacrifice" H2076
za^bach
BDB
Definition:
1) to
slaughter, kill, sacrifice, slaughter for sacrifice
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to
slaughter for sacrifice
1a2) to
slaughter for eating
1a3) to
slaughter in divine judgment
1b) (Piel) to
sacrifice, offer sacrifice
Part of
Speech: verb
A Related Word
by BDB/Strong's Number: a primitive root
Same Word by
TWOT Number: 525
Now the
picture is becoming clear. Verse 7 had said that they
offered
(physically brought) polluted grain (bread) offerings.
How were these offerings
"polluted"? YHWH said it was because they called His
table contemptible. The kohanim were also bringing blind, sick, and
diseased animals for sacrifices to YHWH.
They had become complacent, lackadaisical, lazy and sloppy in the way
they were doing things. They had
forgotten what it says in Devarim 17:1 - "You are not to sacrifice
to YHWH your
God a cow or sheep that has a defect or anything wrong with it; that would be an
abomination to YHWH your God." They were showing
not only contempt for their position, but also and more importantly, they were showing
contempt to YHWH. They had become arrogant
and exalted in their own eyes, and had lost the fear, reverence, and awe that is
YHWH's rightful due.
Let us look
further into verse 8 and see what YHWH says:
"Offer it
now to your governor"
1:8
"Offer" H7126
qa^rab
BDB
Definition:
1) to come
near, approach, enter into, draw near
1a) (Qal) to
approach, draw near
1b) (Niphal)
to be brought near
1c) (Piel) to
cause to approach, bring near, cause to draw near
1d) (Hiphil)
to bring near, bring, present
Part of
Speech: verb
A Related Word
by BDB/Strong's Number: a primitive root
Same Word by
TWOT Number: 2065
Though the
Hebrew word here for "offer" is different than that which
was used before, it still means
the same thing. Here YHWH is telling the
kohanim to "Go ahead, bring these same sick, blind, diseased
animals to
your governor (political leader) and see how he would like it". The text is
basically saying that they had more reverence and consideration for the human
political leaders of the land than they had for
YHWH.
Verse 9 says
something that is rather profound. It says that they are
to "beseech" YHWH to
be gracious unto them. As defined by the BDB, "beseech" means:
H2470
cha^la^h
BDB
Definition:
1) to be or
become weak, be or become sick, be or become diseased,
be or become
grieved, be or become sorry
1a) (Qal) to
be weak, be sick
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to be or
become weak, feel weak
1b2) to become
sick, become ill
1b3) (CLBL) to
entreat, pray, beg
1c) (Niphal)
1c1) to make
oneself sick
1c2) to be
made sick
1c3) to be
tired
1d) (Pual) to
be made weak, become weak
1e) (Hithpael)
to make oneself sick
1f) (Hiphil)
1f1) to make
sore
1f2) to make
sick
1f3) to show
signs of sickness, become sick
1f4) to grieve
1g) (Hophal)
1g1) to be
made sick
1g2) to be
wounded
Part of
Speech: verb
A Related Word
by BDB/Strong's Number: a primitive root [compare
H2342, H2470,
H2490]
Same Word by
TWOT Number: 655
Basically,
they had brought YHWH's anger upon themselves, and they were told to make themselves
sick with grief over what they had been doing
(and repent of it). YHWH goes on to tell them in verse 10:
"Oh that
there were one among you who would shut the doors, that
you might not
kindle fire on my altar in vain! I have no pleasure in you," says YHWH of Armies,
"neither will I accept an offering at your hand."
The word used
for "offering" there is "mincha", defined by BDB as
H4503
mincha^h
BDB
Definition:
1) gift,
tribute, offering, present, oblation, sacrifice, meat
offering
1a) gift,
present
1b) tribute
1c) offering
(to God)
1d) grain
offering
Part of
Speech: noun feminine
A Related Word
by BDB/Strong's Number: from an unused root
meaning to
apportion, i.e. bestow
Same Word by
TWOT Number: 1214a
We understand
now that YHWH is telling them that nothing that they bring, be it a drink offering, a
grain offering, or an animal sacrifice -nothing that they bring will be
accepted. By this time, there is not a single one of the kohanim that
has not become arrogant, disobedient and deceitful in the way that they
served YHWH. The text goes on to say that the Gentiles would be
worshipping Him in truth, and bringing pure
offerings (minchas) because His Name would be great and revered among them, while the
kohanim profaned Him with their abominable
offerings.
To paraphrase
verse 13, they "sniffed" at their service, or as we
would
say, they had grown snobby and
looked down their noses at it, and thought
that it was a troublesome chore to be done with as little fuss
as possible. They no
longer took the time to be sure that it was done right,
and accepted anything, whether it was diseased or not, just to
"get the job done".
Those that had a diseased animal, vowed and sacrificed
(zebach) were bitterly cursed. His Name is great, even
among the Gentiles, and yet His
own people thought nothing of Him but
contempt.
Moving on to
Chapter 2:
Mal 2:1-17 HNV
"Now, you Kohanim, this mitzvah is for you.
(2) If you
will not listen, and if you will not lay it to heart, to give glory to
my name,"
says YHWH of Armies, "then will I send the curse on you,
and I will curse your blessings.
Indeed, I have cursed them already, because
you do not lay it to heart.
(3) Behold, I will rebuke
your seed,
and will spread dung on your faces, even the dung of your feasts; and you will be taken
away with it.
(4) You will know that I have
sent this mitzvah to you, that my covenant may be with Levi,"
says YHWH of
Armies.
(5) "My covenant was
with him of life and
shalom; and I gave them to him
who he might be reverent toward me; and
he was reverent toward me, and stood in awe of my name.
(6)
The law of
truth was in his mouth, and unrighteousness was not found in his lips. He walked with me
in shalom and uprightness, and turned many
away from iniquity.
(7) For the Kohen's lips
should keep
knowledge, and they should seek
the law at his mouth; for he is the messenger
of YHWH of Armies. (
8) But you have turned
aside out of
the way. You have caused many to stumble in the law. You have
corrupted the covenant of
Levi," says YHWH of Armies.
(9) "Therefore I have also
made you contemptible and base before all the
people, according to the way you
have not kept my ways, but have had
respect for persons in the law.
(10) Don't we all have one
father? Hasn't
one God created us? Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning
the covenant of our fathers?
(11)
Yehudah has
dealt treacherously, and an abomination is committed in Yisra'el and in Yerushalayim;
for Yehudah has profaned the holiness of YHWH
which he loves, and has married the daughter of a foreign god.
(12) YHWH will cut off, to
the man who does this, him who
wakes and him who answers, out
of the tents of Ya`akov, and him who
offers an offering to YHWH of Armies.
(13) This again you do: you
cover the altar of YHWH with tears, with weeping, and with sighing, because he doesn't
regard the offering any more, neither receives
it with good will at your hand.
(14) Yet you say, 'Why?' Because
YHWH has been witness between you and the wife of your youth, against whom you have
dealt treacherously, though she is your companion,
and the wife of your covenant.
(15) Did he not make one,
although he had the residue of the Spirit? Why one? He sought a
godly seed. Therefore take heed
to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously
against the wife of his youth.
(16) For I hate
divorce," says
YHWH, the God of Yisra'el, "and him who covers his garment
with violence!" says YHWH
of Armies. "Therefore take heed to your spirit,that
you don't deal treacherously.
(17) You have wearied YHWH
with your words. Yet you say, 'How have we wearied him?' In that
you say, 'Everyone who does evil is good in the sight of YHWH and he
delights in them;' or 'Where is the God of justice?'
As we begin
Chapter 2, we see that this mitzvah is specifically for the kohanim. Because they have
not taken their duties to heart, and have done
evil in the sight of YHWH, He says that He has bitterly cursed
them and their blessings.
Verse 3 is very, shall we say, lyrical in its vehemence:
"Behold, I will rebuke your seed, and will spread dung on
your faces, even the dung of
your feasts; and you will be taken away with
it." We need to take a closer look at some of the words in
this verse.
The first word
that I want to look at is "seed", and here is the BDB
definition:
H2233
zera
BDB
Definition:
1) seed,
sowing, offspring
1a) a sowing
1b) seed
1c) semen
virile
1d) offspring,
descendants, posterity, children
1e) of moral
quality
1e1) a
practitioner of righteousness (figuratively)
1f) sowing
time (by metonymy)
Part of
Speech: noun masculine
A Related Word
by BDB/Strong's Number: from H2232
Same Word by
TWOT Number: 582a
I believe that
this is talking about all of the kohanim, those that were kohens already, and those that
were to become kohen. They were the leaders
of righteousness, and they had corrupted their position and their morals with greed,
deceitfulness and a lust for power. Therefore, they brought the bitter curses
of YHWH down upon their own heads.
Another word
that I wanted to look at was "feasts":
H2282
chag /
cha^g
BDB
Definition:
1) festival,
feast, festival-gathering, pilgrim-feast
1a) feast
1b) festival
sacrifice
Part of
Speech: noun masculine
A Related Word
by BDB/Strong's Number: from H2287
Same Word by
TWOT Number: 602a
Taken in
context with what happened in Chapter 1, I believe that this
is talking about the feasts,
yes, but more importantly, the sacrifices they
were making with the sick and diseased animals, as well as the
attitude in which they were
brought.
To me, the
mitzvah is speaking of a curse that has been brought
against the
kohanim by their own doing, and that they, like their
abominable
sacrifices, would be swept away.
Continuing on
YHWH says that He has cursed them so that they would know that the covenant was with
Levi. The text contrasts how Levi had been respectful, and stood
in awe of Him (actually the meaning is literally
"prostrated" not stood - in reverence to YHWH). It goes
on to say that
because there was no deceit coming from his mouth, and he walked in uprightness and peace
with YHWH, Levi led many people to righteousness.
The kohen should be seeking after knowledge of the Torah and striving to be like
Levi, instead of being the deceitful, corrupt
individuals that they had become. Instead of leading the
people to righteousness, they
were causing them to be led astray and had
corrupted the covenant with Levi.
Therefore,
because they no longer held their position of a teacher of righteousness in esteem, they
were no longer to be given the respect of
the people that they so craved.
Not only were
they leading people astray, they were being partial in how they carried out their
duties - showing favor to the rich and slighting
the poor. "Don't we all have one father? Hasn't one God
created
us?" vs. 10. Everyone was to be equal, no one better than any
one else. Yet, there was a
division there - the rich vs. the poor. It wasn't supposed to be that way.
In verse 11,
we see that they have gone so far as to "marry the
daughter of a
foreign god" and profaned the holiness of YHWH.
YHWH
says that the man that does so
will be cut off, destroyed, the master as
well as the scholar, from the tents of Ya'akov, as well as the one
who offers (na'gash)
offerings (minchas) to YHWH.
They cry and
moan and go "why me?" because YHWH has rebuked
them and no
longer accepts their offerings. They have not only dealt
treacherously with YHWH but they
have also been deceitful to their wives.
They have become so corrupt by this time that their family life
suffers as well. Taking a
closer look at verse 16, I found this very interesting:
16 For I hate
divorce," says YHWH, the God of Yisra'el, "and him
who covers his
garment with violence!" says YHWH of Armies.
"Therefore
take heed to your spirit, that you don't deal
treacherously.”
"Him who
covers his garment with violence" can also be translated as
"Him who covers (conceals)
his garment (by implication,
euphemistically,
his wife) with violence (cruelty, injustice)"
In other
words, they were, in my opinion, doing their wives wrong by falsely accusing them of things
so that they could be divorced, and possibly,
being abusive to them as well, and covering it up by the very
nature of their position.
Who would question a man in that position, a leader
of righteousness, if he says his wife is a liar and a cheat? Even
though he
knows she is not. YHWH cautions them against doing this,
as it is evil, and their very
being, their ruach, or life, would
suffer.
They had
gotten to the point where in their self pity they were even accusing YHWH of being unfair
and unjust, saying that YHWH approved more
of the unrighteous than of them, the supposed "righteous"
ones.
Chapter 3.
Mal 3:1-18 HNV
"Behold, I send my messenger, and he will prepare
the way before
me; and YHWH, whom you seek, will suddenly come
to his temple;
and the messenger of the covenant, whom you desire, behold, he comes!" says
YHWH of Armies.
(2) "But who can endure
the day of his coming? And who will stand when he appears? For he is like a refiner's fire,
and like launderer's soap;
(3) and he will sit
as a refiner and purifier of silver, and he will purify the sons of
Levi, and refine them as gold and silver; and they shall offer to YHWH
offerings in righteousness.
(4) Then the offering of
Yehudah and
Yerushalayim will be pleasant to
YHWH, as in the days of old, and as
in ancient years.
(5) I will come near to
you to judgment; and I
will be a
swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the
adulterers,
and against the perjurers, and against those who oppress the hireling in his wages, the
widow, and the fatherless, and who deprive
the foreigner of justice, and don't fear me," says YHWH of
Armies. (
6) "For I, YHWH,
don't change; therefore you, sons of
Ya`akov, are
not consumed.
(7) From the days of your
fathers you
have turned aside from my
ordinances, and have not kept them. Return
to me, and I will return to you," says YHWH of Armies. "But
you say, 'How
shall we return?'
(8) Will a man rob God?
Yet you rob me!
But you say, 'How have we robbed you?' In tithes and offerings.
(9) You are cursed with
the curse; for you rob me, even this whole
nation.
(10) Bring the whole tithe
into the storehouse, that there
may
be food in my house, and test me
now in this," says YHWH of
Armies,
"if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you
out a blessing, that there shall
not be room enough for.
(11) I will rebuke
the devourer for your sakes, and he shall not destroy the fruits
of your ground; neither shall
your vine cast its fruit before its time in the
field," says YHWH of Armies.
(12) "All nations
shall call you blessed,
for you will be a delightful land," says YHWH of Armies.
(13) "Your words have
been stout against me," says YHWH. "Yet you
say, 'What have we spoken against you?'
(14) You have said, 'It is
vain to serve God;' and 'What profit is it that we have kept his
charge, and that we have walked
mournfully before YHWH of Armies?
(15) Now we call the proud
happy; yes, those who work
wickedness are
built up; yes, they tempt God, and escape.'
(16) Then those
who feared the LORD spoke one with another; and YHWH listened, and heard, and a book
of memory was written before him, for those
who feared YHWH, and who honored his name.
(17) They shall
be mine," says YHWH of Armies, "my own possession in the
day that I
make, and I will spare them, as a man spares his own son who serves him.
(18) Then you shall return
and discern between the
righteous and the wicked,
between him who serves God and him who doesn't
serve him.
Mal 4:1-6 HNV
"For, behold, the day comes, it burns as a furnace; and all the proud, and all who
work wickedness, will be stubble; and the
day that comes will burn them up," says YHWH of Armies, "that
it shall leave
them neither root nor branch.
(2) But to you who fear my
name shall the sun of righteousness arise with healing in its wings.
You will go
out, and leap like calves of the stall.
(3) You shall tread down
the wicked; for they will be ashes under the soles of your feet in
the day that I
make," says YHWH of Armies.
(4) "Remember the Torah
of Moshe my servant, which I commanded to him in Chorev for all Yisra'el, even statutes and
ordinances.
(5) Behold, I will send
you Eliyahu
the prophet before the great and terrible day of YHWH comes.
(6) He will turn the hearts
of the fathers to the children,
and
the hearts of the children to
their fathers, lest I come and strike the earth
with a curse."
Chapters 3 and
4 I will combine together and discuss as one whole
unit.
(Some bibles have only chapter 3 with chapter 4's verses in brackets.)
Whereas
Chapters 1 and 2 were specifically aimed at the kohanim and their unrighteous ways, Chapters
3 and 4 speak more of the `olam haba,
the world (or time or age) to come.
Chapter 3
begins with YHWH saying that He will send a messenger
(mal'ak,
messenger, representative, angel; also teacher or king), who
will `prepare the way before me
(YHWH)', or in essence, turn the people
back to Him, and YHWH will come back and live in His Temple once again.
Verses 2 and 3
speak of this time, saying in essence, "Who (of the Levites) will be able to stand
at his coming?" For with his coming, they will be purified and cleansed of
all their unrighteousness, as silver and
gold are
purified with fire, so that they will be able to once more bring
(nagash) the offerings (minchas)
in righteousness, to YHWH. Then the offerings of Yehudah and
Yerushalayim will once more be pleasant and accepted,
as in the days of old.
During this
time of purification, they will be judged according as to how
they had behaved and fulfilled
their duties as the priests of the nation, the
leaders of righteousness. Yet, it will not be only the Kohanim who
are judged
during this time; it will be the entire nation of Yisrael.
There will be
swift justice against those who fell into sorcery and adultery, which in my opinion
also means those that fell away from the faith
of the One True God and followed the false gods of other religions; against those who
oppressed the poor, the widows, the fatherless,
those that they as it says in chapter 2, "sniffed down their
noses
at"; also those that deprived the foreigner of justice and those
that didn't fear (yare', revere)
YHWH anymore.
Because YHWH
does not change, the sons (descendants) of Ya'akov
are not
consumed (kahlah, destroyed). YHWH says that even from the
days of their fathers, they
turned away and did not keep the
ordinances of
YHWH that they had been given. Still YHWH says "Return to me". When asked
"how" they are to return, YHWH answers with a question of his own:
"Will a man rob (qaba, to cover, figuratively to defraud) God (Elohim)? Yet you
have robbed me ... in tithes (ma'aser, a
tenth part; tithe) and offerings (terumah, a contribution, or any
offering to
YHWH).
3:9 says
"You are cursed with the curse; for you rob me, even this
whole nation." The
word used for `nation' there is "Goy" – which usually means non-Hebrew people,
i.e., Gentiles, but which can also mean
the descendants of Avraham, the Israelites. Looking at it in
context with
the rest of the book, I believe it is talking to the Israelite
peoples and not the Gentiles, as
many of us have been taught to believe.
YHWH says to
test him and see what happens when the whole tithe is brought into to his house (the
Temple). We are told that the very windows of heaven would be
opened and a blessing would be poured out,
that there would not be room enough for. The devourer would be
rebuked and
would not destroy their crops (be it worms, locusts, etc.) and that their vines (grapes)
would not spoil before it was time to harvest
them. He says when this happens all the nations of the world
will call
Israel a blessed nation and a delightful land.
From this, I
believe the text to be saying that once the Temple is restored and we begin bringing
our offerings and tithes as we are supposed
to do, that the Promised Land would once more be `the land of milk and honey', a veritable
paradise in an inhospitable, desert region.
In 3:14-15
YHWH again says to the people, "You have said, 'It is vain
to serve God;' and 'What profit
is it that we have kept his charge, and that
we have walked mournfully before YHWH of Armies?" Now we
call the proud happy; yes, those
who work wickedness are built up; yes,
they tempt God, and escape.'
The verse
basically says that they have said that there is nothing to gain (betsa, unjust gain) from
keeping the ordinances of YHWH, though
they have walked mournfully (qedoranniyth, mournfully, in sackcloth) before YHWH. In
other words, they have not been following YHWH
out of love and respect, but out of deceit and greed. They are
still
bickering amongst themselves and not listening to YHWH, not taking notice as to what he has
said to them, and trying to find ways around
it that would benefit them.
In verse 16
and onward, we are told that there are still a few that respect and revere YHWH, and
that while they are discussing these things
with each other, that YHWH hears them and writes a book of remembrance for those that
respect him. He says that they are his jewels,
his own possession, and that he will spare (chamal; pity, have
compassion upon) them as a man
has compassion for his son who works
for him. Then they would return to Him, and be able to discern
between those that serve YHWH
and those that do not.
3:19-24 (or
4:1-6) speaks of the `great and terrible day of YHWH' to come. Those that were
written in the book of remembrance would be healed,
or restored, while the wicked, the proud, vain and arrogant,
those that fell away from YHWH,
would be burned up like straw in an oven
until they became as ash under the soles of their feet. The
people are
told to remember the Torah with all of its statutes (choq, conditions, laws, commandments)
and ordinances (mishpat, judgments).
Before this day comes, Eliyahu will be sent to `turn the hearts of the fathers back to
the children, and the hearts of the children
back to their fathers' (or rulers and the people - i.e., the
Kohanim, the leaders of
righteousness, would once again honor YHWH and
respect the people, and the people would once again respect the
Kohanim), lest YHWH come and
strike the earth (eretz, land, land and people
of Israel), with a curse.
Looking at the
book in context, I believe that this curse being spoken about reflects back to 3:9,
where it speaks of the entire land (nation of Israel)
being cursed, because of unfaithfulness to YHWH.
The last three
verses say basically to remember the Torah and all it contains, and that Eliyahu will
come and turn our hearts back to each other,
the fathers to the children and vice versa, and/or the hearts of
the religious leaders and the
hearts of the people to each other, once again.
I believe this to mean that we will be restored to a rightful
worship of YHWH, that we will
worship Him once again in righteousness.
May we all
heed the words of warning in this book, and worship YHWH in truth and righteousness.
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